The Cyclospora Working GroupEpidemiology of giardiasis in Wisconsin: increasing incidence of reported cases and unexplained seasonal trends.Endemic giardiasis in New Hampshire: a case-control study of environmental risks.Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Cost-effectiveness analysis of a rotavirus immunization program for the United States.Longitudinal study of rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in families served by a pediatric medical practice: clinical and epidemiologic observations.A prospective study of rotavirus infection in infants and young children.Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus diarrhea in the United States, 1993 through 1995: surveillance based on the new ICD-9-CM rotavirus-specific diagnostic code.Trends in hospitalizations for diarrhea in United States children from 1979 through 1992: estimates of the morbidity associated with rotavirus.Trends of diarrheal disease-associated mortality in US children, 1968 through 1991.The changing epidemiology of astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis: a review.Incidence of human calicivirus and rotavirus infection in patients with gastroenteritis in South Africa.Detection by immune electron microscopy of 27-nm viral particles associated with community-acquired diarrhea in children.A three-year diagnostic and epidemiologic study on viral infantile diarrhoea in Rome.Potential spectrum of etiologic agents of viral enteritis in hospitalized patients.The occurrence of calicivirus in infants with acute gastroenteritis.Human calicivirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis in Finnish children less than 2 years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial.Trends in hospitalizations associated with gastroenteritis among adults in the United States, 1979-1995.Molecular epidemiology of "Norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of gastoenteritis in the United States.The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis.Prevalence of small round structured virus infections in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Tokyo.Viral Gastroenteritis Sub-Committee of the PHLS Virology CommitteeOutbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with SRSVs.The diverse patterns of hepatitis A epidemiology in the United States. A small proportion of the remaining 173 million episodes can be accounted for by known, noninfectious agents (e.g., mycotoxins, marine biotoxins); however, most are attributable to unknown agents. Adding to these figures the nongastrointestinal illness caused by The nature of food and foodborne illness has changed dramatically in the United States over the last century. FoodNet conducts active surveillance for seven bacterial and two parasitic foodborne diseases within a defined population of 20.5 million Americans The National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System As components of the National Health Care Survey, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey measure health care use in various clinical settings, including physician offices and hospital emergency and outpatient departments (The National Hospital Discharge Survey, another component of the National Health Care Survey, is a representative annual sample of discharge records from approximately 475 nonfederal short-stay hospitals In addition to information from these formal surveillance systems, we used data from two published population-based studies. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC.
For known pathogens, our estimate of 13.8 million illnesses per year is substantially higher than the previous estimates of 6.5 million and 8.9 million (Whereas our estimates of illness are generally higher than those of previous studies, our estimates of death are generally lower.
Second, many pathogens transmitted through food are also spread through water or from person to person, thus obscuring the role of foodborne transmission. Furthermore, we limited our definition of acute gastroenteritis to symptoms of diarrhea or vomiting and reduced the rate to account for concomitant respiratory symptoms. Although foodborne illnesses can be severe or even fatal, milder cases are often not detected through routine surveillance. Although data from various periods were used, adjustments for changes in population size had minimal effect on the final estimates and were therefore omitted.Cases may be reported in association with documented foodborne outbreaks, through passive surveillance systems (e.g., the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, the Public Health Laboratory Information System), or through active surveillance systems (e.g., FoodNet).
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