The era of the early Kassite rulers is characterized by a dearth of surviving historical records. [3] The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names, Kudur-Enlil's name is part Elamite and part Sumerian and Kassite princesses married into the royal family of Assyria. On the Assyrian King List, Adasi is listed among six kings who reigned concurrent with the 6-year reign of Ashur-dugal 65, no. The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. There is no continuous attested text written in Kassite. Babylon and its kingdom would not be firmly re-established until the reign of the Kassite king Agum II. [9], Excavations in the southeastern suburb of Baghdad known as Tell Muḥammed yielded two archives of the first Sealand Dynasty period. [5] According to some data, the Kassites were a Hurrian tribe. 2, pp. An ancient language spoken by the Kassites. J. Boardman et al. However, the Kassites were—like the Elamites, Gutians and Manneans who preceded them—linguistically unrelated to the Iranian-speaking peoples who came to dominate the region a millennium later. en.wiktionary.2016 [noun] A member of an ancient people who ruled Babylonia between 1600 and 1200 BC. Strabo also wrote that the "Kossaei" contributed 13,000 archers to the army of Elymais in a war against Susa and Babylon. During the later Achaemenid period, the Kassites, referred to as "Kossaei", lived in the mountains to the east of Media and were one of several "predatory" mountain tribes that regularly extracted "gifts" from the Achaemenid Persians, according to a citation of Nearchus by Strabo (13.3.6). The Kassites were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC (short chronology). The Kassites, the ancient Near Eastern people who seized power in Babylonia following the fall of the first Babylonian Dynasty and subsequently went on to rule it for some three hundred and fifty years … The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kaššu, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. As a result, it is not known which language(s) it was related to or what languages of today were influenced by it. [13][14] They first appeared in the annals of history in the 18th century BC when they attacked Babylonia in the 9th year of the reign of Samsu-iluna (reigned 1749–1712 BC), the son of Hammurabi. Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244–1208 BC) not content with merely dominating Babylonia went further, conquering Babylonia, deposing Kashtiliash IV and ruling there for eight years in person from 1235 BC to 1227 BC. [2][3] The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and locally popular,[4] and their 500-year reign laid an essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture. If "Elymais" is understood to mean Elam, then the battle probably occurred in the 6th century BC. Kassites (from the Akkadian Kassu) is the name given to the dynasty that ruled Babylonia from the 16th to 12th centuries BCE, and to the 5th to 1st century BCE Kossaean / Cossaean (from Gk. The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian King List A, which shows just the first six, and the Assyrian Synchronistic King List, which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after Brinkman. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he also died. Babylonian kudurru of the late Kassite period found near Baghdad by the French botanist André Michaux (Cabinet des Médailles, Paris). Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, SixteenthDynasty This could represent one of many cases where Ptolemy relied on out-of-date sources. However, it is not clear if Kassites were actually living in that region so late. SeventeenthDynasty, (1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha, Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II, Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini At that time, the Ekur of Enlil, which in the conquest The oldest stage of the Kassite language is scantily known from a few documents: a single tablet containing a fragment of a Kassite vocabulary and a list of Kassite names with their Akkadian equivalents. only to maintain the total of 36 Kassite kings itemized at the end of the dynasty 3 listing of kings in the heavily damaged Babylonian King List A (see p. 272 in Pritchards Ancient Near Eastern Texts (ANET) and discussion on page 4 below). [7]:H.3.1 This reads: The bright whirlwind, the bull of the gods, the Lord of Lords, Gaddaš, the king of the four quarters of the world, the king of the land of Sumer Of course, over time, the kingdom would grow more distinctly Kassite, inheriting the … The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia (ancient southern-central Iraq), compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern archaeological findings. Kassite period. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and … Late Akkadian provides more than a hundred items of Kassite origin, of which about 10 percent are divine names. Nippur, the formerly great city, which had been virtually abandoned c. 1730 BC, was rebuilt in the Kassite period, with temples meticulously re-built on their old foundations. … “The Kassite name of Simbar-Šipak, the Kassite derived theothoric element (d Kaššû = “the Kassite (god)”) in the name of the third king, and the tribal affiliation of the second monarch could suggest that this dynasty represented a revival of Kassite power following the native Babylonian rulers of the Second Dynasty of Isin; but the evidence at present must be regarded … Herodotus and other ancient Greek writers sometimes referred to the region around Susa as "Cissia", a variant of the Kassite name. [i 1] In all probability the dynasty ruled Babylon for around 350 years. Search This wiki This wiki All wikis | Sign In Don't have an account? (eds) Cambridge Ancient History Vol III Pt 1 (2nd Ed) 1982, "The Peoples of the Highland: Vanished Cultures of Luristan, Mannai and Urartu", Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Christopher Edens, "Structure, Power and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia", Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum", David W. Koeller, "Kassite rule in Mesopotamia", Kassites in Encyclopedia Iranica by Ran Zadok, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1006281561#Kassite_Dynasty_of_Babylon, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun", D. T. Potts, Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372–381. This statement is hard to understand, as Babylon had lost importance under Seleucid rule by the time Elymais emerged around 160 BC. [7][8][9][10] Several Kassite leaders and deities bore Indo-European names,[7][8][9][11][12] and it is possible that they were dominated by an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni, who ruled over the Hurro-Urartian-speaking Hurrians of Asia Minor.[7][8][9]. en.wiktionary.org. The most notable Kassite artifacts are their Kudurru steles. In fact, under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur, who took the Sumerian-derived title of Guennakku, ruled as a sort of secondary and lesser king. Kassite Definitions. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburiaš I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). Most visited articles Project maintenance. (Oppenheim 1964, p. 62). Share. They ruled Babylonia practically without interruption for almost four hundred years—the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history. Ashur-uballit promptly marched into Babylonia and avenged his son-in-law, deposing the king and installing Kurigalzu II of the royal Kassite line as king there. Register Military. The prestige of Nippur was enough for a series of 13th-century BC Kassite kings to reassume the title 'governor of Nippur' for themselves. Their success was built upon the relative political stability that the Kassite monarchs achieved. And Akkad, the king of Babylon, am I. Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria. "Kassite rulers in Babylon were also scrupulous to follow existing forms of expression, and the public and private patterns of behavior "and even went beyond that—as zealous neophytes do, or outsiders, who take up a superior civilization—by favoring an extremely conservative attitude, at least in palace circles." Many of the names are very poorly attested in the available sources. Ancient Orient Museum, Lapis Lazuli fragment with building inscriptions, Kassite, from Iraq. The era of the early Kassite rulers is characterized by a dearth of surviving historical records. Kassite was spoken in modern-day Iraq and Iran around 1800-400 BC. Even after the Kassites took over, Elam didn't change too much. 1531 BC per the short chronology), and established a dynasty based first in Babylon and later in Dur-Kurigalzu. [4], The Kassite language has not been classified. Kudurru. But Kassites again fought on the Persian side in the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC, in which the Persian Empire fell to Alexander the Great, according to Diodorus Siculus (17.59) (who called them "Kossaei") and Curtius Rufus (4.12) (who called them "inhabitants of the Cossaean mountains"). repelled a second Kassite attack, tolerated or perhaps encouraged the settling of Kassite individuals in Babylonia as agricultural workers, but was unable to prevent the Kassite chief Kashtiliash I from becoming King of Hana in about 1700 B.C. After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin. "The Seventh and Eighth Kings of the Kassite Dynasty", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Kassite_rulers&oldid=936445949, States and territories established in the 18th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 January 2020, at 22:45. However, it is known that it was mainly used in informal situations, hence the lack of written … [3] The fourth year-name[nb 6] of Abi-Ešuh (1707 BC), the son and successor of Samsu-iluna, records that Abi-Ešuh "subdued the Kassites". The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian King List A, which shows just the first six, and the Assyrian Synchronistic King List, which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after … They gained control of Babylonia after the Hittite sack of the city in 1595 BC (i.e. [nb 9] Year King Šipta'ulzi", and are mostly silver and cereal loans. For the mineral, see. The tenth position of the Synchronistic King List is occupied by Burna-Buriyåš I. [2] It is called "the year of the Kassite army",[nb 5] in which it seems that he was not wholly successful at repelling the raiders, a sign of weakness which triggered widespread revolts in cities all over Mesopotamia and a decisive response from Samsu-iluna. But Karduniash will now rise again, and Babylonians and Kassites alike call … Kassite deities is similar to these topics: Kassites, List of kings of Babylon, Akkadian language and more. The King list tradition []. 8 In a grandiose effort to dislodge Iluma-ilu from the swamps where he had taken refuge he dammed the Tigris, … We know about the Babylonian Kassites from inscriptions and tablets found in the region, and we read mention o… King of Babylon Old-Babylonian plaque showing a standing male, probably a ruler/king, wearing a robe-like draped dress, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq that the name of the Kassites is preserved in the name of the Kashgan River, in Lorestan. If "Babylon" is understood to mean the Seleucids, then this battle would have occurred sometime between the emergence of Elymais and Strabo's death around 25 AD. Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. The King list tradition. — 1,225 B.C. Some 13th century BC Kassite kings even took the title 'Governor of Nippur' for themselves. The Babylonian King List is not merely a list of kings of Babylon, but is a very specific ancient list of supposed Babylonian kings recorded in several ancient locations, and related to its predecessor, the Sumerian King List. Names of Gods also appear in the names of Kassite kings (“theophoric king names”), as is very typical among … The latest evidence of Kassite culture is a reference by the 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy, who described "Kossaei" as living in the Susa region, adjacent to the "Elymeans". Kassite in English translation and definition "Kassite", Dictionary English-English online. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu,[1] although they have also been referred to by the names Kaššu, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. [12][10] Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. Almost equal with the royal cities of Babylon and Dur-Kurigalzu, the revived city of Nippur was the most important provincial center. The early Kassite rulers are the sequence of eight, or possibly nine, names which appear on the Babylonian and Assyrian King Lists purporting to represent the first or ancestral monarchs of the dynasty that was to become the Kassite or 3rd Dynasty of Babylon which governed for 576 years, 9 months, 36 kings, according to the King List A. The Kassites where victorious, and soon installed Isiarc as the Kassite king of Elam, forever making the kingdom Kassite. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities, and Babylonian merchants were active from Egypt (a major source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. 1207 bc) and Kashtiliashu IV of Babylonia (reigned c. 1232–c. Topic. Under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur ruled as a secondary (lesser) king. Not much is known about it except a few words taken from a few contemporary inscriptions/records. "Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites". The era of the early Kassite rulers is characterized by a dearth of surviving historical records. According to Herodotus, the "Asiatic Ethiopians" lived not in Kissia, but to the north, bordering on the "Paricanians" who in turn bordered on the Medes. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century BC, but not at Babylon. (C. 1595–1150 B.C.) No inscription or document in the Kassite language has been preserved, an absence that cannot be purely accidental, suggesting a severe regression of literacy in official circles. …asserted Assyrian supremacy over King Kashtiliashu IV, ruler of Kassite-controlled Babylonia to the southeast, and subjugated the mountainous region to the northeast and, for a time, Babylonia. As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue. The Kassite dynasty was ruled by the Kassites. The Kassite … Thirty two kings are listed, but the first three (Gandash, Agum I, and Kashtiliash)… 111–119, (April 2006), This page was last edited on 12 February 2021, at 01:40. Samsu-iluna repelled them, as did Abi-Eshuh, but they subsequently gained control of Babylonia in 1570 BC, some 25 years after the fall of Babylon to the Hittites in 1595 BC, and went on to conquer the southern part of Mesopotamia, roughly corresponding to ancient Sumer and known as the Dynasty of the Sealand by 1520 BC. AbydosDynasty Late Akkadian provides more than a hundred items of Kassite origin, of which about 10 percent are divine names. Read More; In Tukulti-Ninurta Epic. [i 5] The Agum-Kakrime Inscription[i 6] names Agum ra-bi-i,[nb 8] Kaštiliašu, Abi-Rattaš, and Ur-šigurumaš as ancestors of Agum-Kakrime (Agum II), each son of the preceding except Ur-šigurumaš, who is described as descendant of Abi-Rattaš. Susa was the capital of Elam and later of Elymais, so Strabo's statement implies that the Kassites intervened to support a particular group within Elam or Elymais against their own capital, which at that moment was apparently allied with or subject to Babylon or the Seleucids. It is believed[by whom?] "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartäisch. A member of an ancient people who ruled Babylonia between 1600 and 1200 BC. Add new page. As in the latter, contemporaneous dynasties are listed chronologically without comment. The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian King List A, which shows just the first six, and the Assyrian Synchronistic King List, which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after Brinkman. Babylon was sacked by the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I (1365–1330 BC) in the 1360s after the Kassite king in Babylon who was married to the daughter of Ashur-uballit was murdered. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian King List A , [i 1] which shows just the first six, and the Assyrian Synchronistic King List , [i 2] which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after Brinkman. [6] However, the arrival of the Kassites has been connected to the contemporary migrations of Indo-European peoples. Kossaioii) nation that was located in the Hamadan-Kermanshah-Luristan area in present day Iran. Category:Kassite kings | Military Wiki | Fandom. Popular pages. A list of Kassite Gods was equated to Babylonian Gods in a sort of “interpretatio Semitica.” For example, the Kassite sun god Shah is identified with the Babylonian sun god Shamash (Shamesh), according to some single element which the respective Gods have in common. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. Kadašman-Ḫarbe II, inscribed d Ka-dáš-man-Ḫar-be, Kad-aš-man-Ḫar-be or variants and meaning I believe in Ḫarbe, the lord of the Kassite pantheon corresponding to Enlil, succeeded Enlil-nādin-šumi, as the 30th Kassite or 3rd dynasty king of Babylon. Soon after the invasion of Thutmosis III, about 1450 BC, the Kassite king of Babylonia Karaindash, made a treaty with the king of Assyria, whose name is given as Asshur-bel-nisheshu. Kassite deities. Two seal impressions[i 3] found at Ḫana's capital Terqa[4][5] read, "[Gi]mil Ninkar[ak], son of Arši-a[ḫum], [se]rvant of Ila[ba], [and K]aštili[ašu]". The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian King List A, which shows just the first six, and the Assyrian Synchronistic King List, which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after Brinkman. Puzur-Ashur III of Assyria and Burna-Buriash I signed a treaty agreeing the border between the two states in the mid-16th century BC, Egypt, Elam, and the Hittites, and the Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes, "Kassite" redirects here. Kassite period. The early Kassite rulers are the sequence of eight, or possibly nine, names which appear on the Babylonian and Assyrian King Lists purporting to represent the first or ancestral monarchs of the dynasty that was to become the Kassite or 3rd Dynasty of Babylon which governed for 576 years, 9 months, 36 kings, according to the King List A.King List A, BM 33332. Frayne speculates that Kaštiliašu may have been a Babylonian installed by Samsu-iluna after his defeat of Iadiḫ-abu and not a native ruler.[6]. The era of the early Kassite rulers is characterized by a dearth of surviving historical records. Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, Kassite, reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I. Iraq Museum, Door socket from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq. Kassites survived as a distinct ethnic group in the mountains of Lorestan (Luristan) long after the Kassite state collapsed. The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian King List A,[i 1] which shows just the first six, and the Assyrian Synchronistic King List,[i 2] which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after Brinkman.[1]. Had been destroyed (remainder gone) [nb 7], Agum I may be the subject of a 7th-century BC historical inscription which also mentions Damiq-ilῑšu, the last king of the 1st Dynasty of Isin. — 1,155 B.C. en.wiktionary.org. The reading of the King List A as Ušši or Uššiašu (Landsberger) have been suggested. O King Burnaburiash, servant of the Lord of the Lands, your dynasty fell to the Elamites in the 12th century BC, and your descendant Enlil-nadin-ahi rotted away imprisoned in Susa. Those from level 3, excavated in the 1990s, were dated with year names, for example: "Year water carried King Ḫurduzum up to the city". But when it wasn't at war, Babylonia and the other cities of Mesopotamia became centers of … (Short chronology) Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria defeated Kashtiliash IV, the Kassite king of Babylon and captured the city of Babylon to ensure full Assyrian supremacy over Mesopotamia; circa 1,157 B.C. Abi-eshuh (1711-1684 B.C.) The Kassites were not geographically linked to Kushites and Ethiopians, nor is there any documentation describing them as similar in appearance, and the Kassite language is regarded as a language isolate, utterly unrelated to any language of Ethiopia or Kush/Nubia,[17] although more recently a possible relationship to the Hurro-Urartian family of Asia Minor has been proposed. The era of the early Kassite rulers is characterized by a dearth of surviving historical records. Thirty-two kings are listed, but the first three (Gandash, Agum I, and Kashtiliash) reigned before the end of the Babylonian Dynasty and were thus contemporary with the last Babyloniankings. Topics similar to or like Kassite deities.
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