John F. Clark. In July 1975, the MPLA violently forced the FNLA out of Luanda, and UNITA voluntarily withdrew to its stronghold in the south. Ed. 2002. Athens: Ohio UP, 2006. Prominent among these were ethnic tensions in eastern DRC, where the government still had little control. The MPLA and UNITA had different roots in Angolan society and mutually incompatible leaderships, despite their shared aim of ending colonial rule. The economy remained in a state of severe disrepair and deteriorated further under Kabila's corrupt rule.Kabila also came to be seen as an instrument of the foreign regimes that put him in power. 9 July 1997: A1.Gribbin, Robert E. In the Aftermath of Genocide: the U.S. Role in Rwanda.
Some authors have proposed that dismantling refugee camps was a means of replenishing Rwanda's depleted population and workforce following the genocide; because the destruction of the camps was followed by forced repatriation of Tutsi regardless of whether they were Rwandan or Zairian.Rwanda possibly also harbored ambitions to annex portions of eastern Zaire.
Prominent among these were ethnic tensions in eastern DRC, where the government still had little control. Johnson, Dominic: Kongo — Kriege, Korruption und die Kunst des Überlebens, Brandes & Apsel, Frankfurt am Main, 2. Tito and His Comrades, by Jože Pirjevec, The University of Wisconsin Press, 2018, pp. New York: IUniverse, 2005. p. 175-76Reyntjens, Filip. Cynthia J. Arnson and I. William Zartman. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. "Congo's Rebels: Their Origins, Motivations, and Strategies." 129-44. p. 131Gribbin, Robert E. In the Aftermath of Genocide: the U.S. Role in Rwanda. "The Trouble With Congo: How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Conflict." Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2005. p. 147Kennes, Erik. "The Complex Reasons for Rwanda's Engagement in Congo." John F. Clark. Shaba II was a brief conflict fought in the Zairean province of Shaba in 1978. After twelve hours of debate, the party voted 26 to 6 to dismiss Alves and Van-Dunem from their positions.The MPLA government arrested tens of thousands of suspected Nitistas from May to November and tried them in secret courts overseen by Defense Minister The Soviets tried to increase their influence, wanting to establish permanent military bases in Angola,Neto diversified the ethnic composition of the MPLA's political bureau as he replaced the hardline old guard with new blood, including Under dos Santos's leadership, Angolan troops crossed the border into Namibia for the first time on 31 October, going into The South African military attacked insurgents in Cunene Province on 12 May 1980. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Violence, Political Culture & Development in Africa. Two months later, Reagan announced the delivery of UNITA and South African forces attacked the MPLA's base at After the indecisive results of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, Fidel Castro claimed that the increased cost of continuing to fight for South Africa had placed Cuba in its most aggressive combat position of the war, arguing that he was preparing to leave Angola with his opponents on the defensive. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. pp. 499–515. Savimbi developed close relations with influential American conservatives, who saw Savimbi as a key ally in the U.S. effort to oppose and rollback Soviet-backed, undemocratic governments around the world. 15–16Lemarchand, René. p. 508Reyntjens, Filip. Review of African Political Economy. Preben Kaarsholm. Violence, Political Culture & Development in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. p. 55Reyntjens, Filip.
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