Water and water vapor are extremely rare on Venus due to its high surface temperature that can approach 758 K (900 °F). Although we are uncertain about the point at which a stable greenhouse effect breaks down and turns into a runaway greenhouse effect, Venus stands as clear testament to the fact that a planet cannot continue heating indefinitely without a major change in its oceans and atmosphere. Because of the heavy blanket of clouds and atmosphere, one spot on the surface of Venus is similar to any other as far as weather is concerned.The most abundant gas on Venus is carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)), which accounts for 96% of the atmosphere. Sulfuric acid \(H_2SO_4\)) is formed from the chemical combination of sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) and water (\(H_2O\)). Scientists wondered what could be heating the surface of Venus to a temperature above 700 K. The answer turned out to be the The greenhouse effect works on Venus just as it does on Earth, but since Venus has so much more \(CO_2\)—almost a million times more—the effect is much stronger. Venus presumably reached its current state from more earthlike initial conditions as a result of a runaway greenhouse effect, which included the loss of large quantities of water.Andrew Fraknoi (Foothill College), David Morrison (NASA Ames Research Center), Sidney C. Wolff (National Optical Astronomy Observatory) with many contributing authors. Explain how the greenhouse effect has led to high temperatures on Venus The thick atmosphere of Venus produces the high surface temperature and shrouds the surface in a perpetual red twilight.
Thick clouds at altitudes of 30 to 60 kilometers are made of sulfuric acid, and a \(CO_2\), which is greenhouse effect maintains the high surface temperature. It appears that the surface temperature ranges from about 820 degrees to nearly 900 degrees F. The average surface temperature is 847 degrees F., hot enough to melt lead.
These temperatures resemble something more of a raging fire due to an uncontrolled greenhouse effect which more than doubles the temperature on the planet's surface. Venus may once have had a climate similar to that of Earth, with moderate temperatures, water oceans, and much of its \(CO_2\) dissolved in the ocean or chemically combined with the surface rocks. Although Venus is somewhat closer to the Sun than is Earth, its surface is hundreds of degrees hotter than you would expect from the extra sunlight it receives. With its surface pressure of 90 bars, the venusian atmosphere is more than 10,000 times more massive than its martian counterpart. The light element hydrogen can escape from the atmosphere, leaving the oxygen behind to combine chemically with surface rock. Venus has mountains, valleys, and tens of thousands of volcanoes.
Within the troposphere, the gas is heated from below and circulates slowly, rising near the equator and descending over the poles.
Expressed in this way, as percentages, the proportions of the major gases are very similar for Venus and Mars, but in total quantity, their atmospheres are dramatically different.
Then we allow for modest additional heating—by gradual increase in the energy output of the Sun, for example. This emission was detected for the first time by the spectrophotometers onboard the Venera landers as an increase in the measured spectra at wavelengths above 0.8 µm. Adopted or used LibreTexts for your course?
The loss of water is therefore an irreversible process: once the water is gone, it cannot be restored. Below 30 kilometers, the Venus atmosphere is clear of clouds.The high surface temperature of Venus was discovered by radio astronomers in the late 1950s and confirmed by the Mariner and Venera probes. When viewed from a telescope Venus exhibits phases similar to that of the moon. The end result is that the surface heats to 730K - only at this high temperature is it possible for the energy to escape at the same rate it is absorbed by the surface. However, the impor-
As Venus got hotter and hotter, its oceans evaporated, eliminating that safety valve. Sunlight does not penetrate directly through the heavy clouds, but the surface is fairly well lit by diffuse light (about the same as the light on Earth under a heavy overcast).
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